Life successfully and reliably delivers
excruciatingly complex outputs based on simple rules and
constraints. There's no plan, no direction, no
blueprint. Processes are bottom up and self-governed. This
is exactly not like software. The key distinction is where the organising purpose comes from:
In human endeavors friction between the two modes is often the source of dysfunction.
Directed systems
These are systems whose behaviour is primarily shaped by externally imposed goals, constraints, and instructions. Their organisation is teleological in the everyday sense: purpose is injected from outside.
Characteristics:
Examples: project plans, bureaucratic workflows, assembly lines, classical software.
Self‑governing systems
These are systems whose behaviour arises from internal regulation, context‑sensitive interaction, and emergent purpose. They are teleonomic: they behave as if they pursue goals, but those goals arise from the system’s organisation rather than external command.
Characteristics:
Examples: biological organisms, markets, research groups, ecosystems, competent teams.